pandas frequency count multiple columns

Inlcuyen medios depago, pago con tarjeta de credito y telemetria. In pandas you can get the count of the frequency of a value that occurs in a DataFrame column by using Series.value_counts() method, alternatively, If you have a C#.Net DBMS Sometimes, you might have to find counts of each unique value for the categorical column. DataFrame.groupby() method groups data on a specified column by collecting/grouping all similar values together and count() on top of that gives the number of times each value is repeated. Card trick: guessing the suit if you see the remaining three cards (important is that you can't move or turn the cards). Parameters axis{0 or index, 1 or columns}, default 0 Great Open Access tutorials cost money to produce. If 0 or index counts are generated for each column. SQL Get the free course delivered to your inbox, every day for 30 days! This is the simplest way to get the count, percenrage ( also from 0 to 100 ) at once with pandas. a 2. c 1. b 1. Donate today! If youre working with your own data, feel free to use that. C++ In this tutorial, youll learn how to use Pandas to count unique values. (Basically Dog-people), Is this variant of Exact Path Length Problem easy or NP Complete. Get a list from Pandas DataFrame column headers. You can use the following methods to get frequency counts of values in a column of a pandas DataFrame: Method 1: Get Frequency Count of Values in Table How Could One Calculate the Crit Chance in 13th Age for a Monk with Ki in Anydice? Grifos, Columnas,Refrigeracin y mucho mas Vende Lo Que Quieras, Cuando Quieras, Donde Quieras 24-7. Counting the frequency of specific words in a list can provide illustrative data. Cloud Computing To learn more about related topics, check out the tutorials below: Your email address will not be published. Create a figure and a set of subplots. Count values in one column based on the categories of other column. Incluyen medios de pago, pago con tarjeta de crdito, telemetra. Also, you have learned to count the frequency by including nulls and frequency of all values from all selected columns. Home The Zone of Truth spell and a politics-and-deception-heavy campaign, how could they co-exist? results = df.groupby(by=['Age', 'LearnCode']).count() Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, pandas get frequency of values on multiple columns, Flake it till you make it: how to detect and deal with flaky tests (Ep. CS Subjects: [crayon-63b5d01ed992b468998159/] Here, we are select rows of DataFrame where age is greater than 18 and name is equal to Jay. To do this, simply access the columns you want to count using double squared brackets. How many grandchildren does Joe Biden have? How do I fix failed forbidden downloads in Chrome? Card trick: guessing the suit if you see the remaining three cards (important is that you can't move or turn the cards). As part of exploring a new data, often you might want to count unique values of one or more columns in a dataframe. Implementation in Python . Update after pandas 1.1 value_counts now accept multiple columns df.value_counts(["Group", "Size"]) Make a two-dimensional, size-mutable, potentially heterogeneous tabular data. Document Frequency . Interview que. In case if you have any NULL/None/np.NaN values values_counts() function ignores these on frequency count. Aptitude que. Call Function from Another Function in Python, [Fixed] NameError Name unicode is Not Defined in Python, Convert String Array to Int Array in Python, Remove All Non-numeric Characters in Pandas, Count number of characters in a string in python, Replace Comma with Space in List in Python. Pandas DataFrame Groupby two columns and get counts. Maquinas vending ultimo modelo, con todas las caracteristicas de vanguardia para locaciones de alta demanda y gran sentido de estetica. Your email address will not be published. WebCount values in one column based on the categories of other column. Pandas is a special tool that allows us to perform complex manipulations of data effectively and efficiently. Youll learn how to count unique values in a column, in multiple columns, and in an entire DataFrame. Many ways to skin a cat here. DOS You can do this using a groupby on two columns, This outputs a count for each ['Age', 'LearnCode'] pair. Log in, dplyr count(): Explore Variables with count in dplyr, dplyr arrange(): Sort/Reorder by One or More Variables, How to Get Frequency Counts of a Column in Pandas Dataframe: Pandas Tutorial, How To Code a Character Variable into Integer in Pandas. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. This will change data into two columns - in other words - DataFrame will be represented row wise in columns: or we can display the results as a DataFrame with sorted counts: To summarize we saw how to apply value_counts() on multiple columns. We then extract the values we are interested in using [] syntax: For example df['Courses'].values returns a list of all values including duplicates ['Spark' 'PySpark' 'Hadoop' 'Python' 'pandas' 'PySpark' 'Python' 'pandas'] . [crayon-63b5d01ecab55319475488/] [crayon-63b5d01ecab5c029932735/] In this code, we used the Series.str.extract() method to extract numeric parts [], Table of ContentsUse Series.values.tolist() MethodUse list() MethodConclusion Use Series.values.tolist() Method To convert pandas dataframe column to list: Use pd.DataFrame() to read position_salaries as a pandas data frame. counts. TF (Term Frequency) measures the frequency of a word in a document. The following expression would do the trick for us: >>> df.groupby('colB')['colB'].count()5.0 26.0 115.0 3Name: colB, dtype: int64 Note that the above expression will give the frequencies for every non-null value appearing in the column specified. How to iterate over rows in a DataFrame in Pandas. Privacy policy, STUDENT'S SECTION Let us understand with the help of an example. HR IDF = (Total number of documents / Number of documents with word t in it). How do I open modal pop in grid view button? Required fields are marked *. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. How to Get Unique Values in Column of Pandas DataFrame, Table of ContentsUsing Pandas Series.str.extract() MethodUsing Series.str.replace() MethodUsing re.sub() with apply() MethodUsing lambda Function Using Pandas Series.str.extract() Method To remove all non-numeric characters from one column in pandas: After creating the data frame, use the Series.str.extract() method to extract numeric parts. Then we can pass them the the apply() function as: The result is the normalized count of columns A and B: To apply value_counts() on every column in a DataFrame we can use the same syntax as before: Finally let's check how we can use advanced analytics in order to manipulate data. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In this tutorial, you learned how to count unique values in a DataFrame column. By the end of this tutorial, youll have learned: To follow along with this tutorial, copy and paste the code below to load a sample Pandas DataFrame. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Why is water leaking from this hole under the sink? Why did OpenSSH create its own key format, and not use PKCS#8? The function you're looking for is groupby, not pivot. To show a frequency plot in Python/Pandas dataframe using Matplotlib, we can take the following steps Set the figure size and adjust the padding between and around the subplots. How do I get the row count of a Pandas DataFrame? df1.groupby ( ['State']) ['Sales'].count () We will groupby count with single column (State), so the result will be. See my response in this thread for a Pandas DataFrame output, count the frequency that a value occurs in a dataframe column For dictionary output, you can modify as follows: def column_list_dict (x): column_list_df = [] for col_name in x.columns: y = col_name, len (x [col_name].unique ()) column_list_df.append (y) return dict (column_list_df) What is the origin and basis of stare decisis? To get the frequency count of multiple columns in pandas, pass a list of columns as a list. rev2023.1.17.43168. SparkByExamples.com is a Big Data and Spark examples community page, all examples are simple and easy to understand and well tested in our development environment, SparkByExamples.com is a Big Data and Spark examples community page, all examples are simple and easy to understand, and well tested in our development environment, | { One stop for all Spark Examples }, panda.DataFrame.groupby() return GroupBy object, How to Add New Column to Existing Pandas DataFrame, How to Get Count of Each Row of Pandas DataFrame, Different Ways to Iterate Over Rows in Pandas DataFrame, Remap Values in Column with a Dictionary (Dict) in Pandas, How to Count Duplicates in Pandas DataFrame, https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.count.html, Pandas Combine Two Columns of Text in DataFrame, Pandas Add an Empty Column to a DataFrame, Select Rows From List of Values in Pandas DataFrame, Pandas Convert Multiple Columns To DateTime Type, Pandas Create DataFrame From Dict (Dictionary), Pandas Replace NaN with Blank/Empty String, Pandas Replace NaN Values with Zero in a Column, Pandas Change Column Data Type On DataFrame, Pandas Select Rows Based on Column Values, Pandas Delete Rows Based on Column Value, Pandas How to Change Position of a Column, Pandas Append a List as a Row to DataFrame. This method is used to reshape the given DataFrame according to index and column values. Data Structure JavaScript These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. LWC Receives error [Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'Name')]. I've written post request for these 2 functions using 'Fast API'. Pandas Convert Single or All Columns To String Type? You can also try pd.crosstab() Group Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. DataFrames consist of rows, columns, and data. Internship This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. PAVALCO TRADING nace con la misin de proporcionar soluciones prcticas y automticas para la venta de alimentos, bebidas, insumos y otros productos en punto de venta, utilizando sistemas y equipos de ltima tecnologa poniendo a su alcance una lnea muy amplia deMquinas Expendedoras (Vending Machines),Sistemas y Accesorios para Dispensar Cerveza de Barril (Draft Beer)as comoMaquinas para Bebidas Calientes (OCS/Horeca), enlazando todos nuestros productos con sistemas de pago electrnicos y software de auditora electrnica en punto de venta que permiten poder tener en la palma de su mano el control total de su negocio. As I already explained above, value_counts() method by default ignores NaN, None, Null values from the count. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The information in this page is relevant. If 1 or columns counts are generated for each row. Can state or city police officers enforce the FCC regulations? Count non-NA cells for each column or row. Name: A, dtype: int64. Finally we discussed advanced data analytics techniques to get count of value for multiple columns. Could you observe air-drag on an ISS spacewalk? out DataFrame contains just two columns Courses, Fee. It is used when we have multiple items in a column, we can reshape the DataFrame in such a way that all the multiple values fall under one single index or row, similarly, we can convert these multiple values as columns. How are environment variables defined in Visual Studio? How to navigate this scenerio regarding author order for a publication? How can citizens assist at an aircraft crash site? If you set axis=1, you get the frequency in every row. Kotlin Java SEO 2. Similarly, it can be used in machine learning projects. For this purpose, we will use the pivot_table method inside which we will set a parameter aggfunc = len so that it counts the number of values. Pandas pivot table count frequency in one column. How to iterate over rows in a DataFrame in Pandas, Combine two columns of text in pandas dataframe. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. How could magic slowly be destroying the world? To find the relative frequencies, divide each frequency by the total number of data points in the sample. DBMS Languages: By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. This method is applicable to pandas.Series object. (If It Is At All Possible), Attaching Ethernet interface to an SoC which has no embedded Ethernet circuit. The first step is to use melt (): df.melt(var_name='column', This method can be used to count frequencies of objects over single columns. Note on performance, including alternatives: Thanks. C If you are coming from a SQL background, you would be familiar with GROUP BY and COUNT to get the number of times the value present in a column (frequency of column values), you can use a similar approach on pandas as well. Pandas value_counts () can get counts of You can use function pd.crosstab() from Pandas. It works the same way as value_counts() but for more than one column. Is it important to have a college degree in today's world? Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. I'm now trying to get the frequency of each values in columns L0 and L1 for each value of c. The expected output would be: but I can't figured out how to describe f that should be a function able to get the value_counts() over multiple columns. This method is applicable to pandas.Series object. Python You can unsubscribe anytime. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Get quality tutorials to your inbox. Returns a DataFrame or Series of the same size containing the cumulative sum. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. We will use the melt () function in order to reshape the original DataFrame and get count for columns. Not the answer you're looking for? By using DataScientYst - Data Science Simplified, you agree to our Cookie Policy. About us C++ STL Join the growing number of people supporting The Programming Historian so we can continue to share knowledge free of charge. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. What is nan values in Pandas? In this section, youll learn how to use the nunique method to count the number of unique values in a DataFrame column. Python Programs, Given a pandas dataframe, we have to count frequency values in one column which is linked to another values. Why is "1000000000000000 in range(1000000000000001)" so fast in Python 3? Also groupby and count. In this article, you have learned how to count the frequency of a value that occurs in Pandas DataFrame columns using Series.value_counts(), GroupBy.count() and GroupBy.size() method. [crayon-63b5d01ed992f928773455/] The loc() function in a pandas module is used to access values from a DataFrame based on some labels. How to Count Unique Values in a Pandas DataFrame Column Using nunique, How to Count Unique Values in Multiple Pandas DataFrame Columns Using nunique, How to Count Unique Values in a Pandas DataFrame Using nunique, How to Count the Frequency of Unique Values in Pandas, generates a frequency table of the column, Pandas: Count Unique Values in a GroupBy Object, Python: Count Unique Values in a List (4 Ways), Summarizing and Analyzing a Pandas DataFrame, How to count unique values in Pandas using the nunique method, How to count unique values in multiple columns or an entire DataFrame, How to count the frequency of a unique value in Pandas. What does the SwingUtilities class do in Java? How to make chocolate safe for Keidran? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Web Technologies: 528), Microsoft Azure joins Collectives on Stack Overflow. How to get browser name and version via JavaScript? Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Embedded Systems Is it OK to ask the professor I am applying to for a recommendation letter? How to calculate IDF ( Inverse Document Frequency )? In the following section, youll learn how to count unique values in multiple columns of a DataFrame. Subscribe now. To further distinguish them, we might count the number of times each term occurs in each document; the number of times a term occurs in a document is called its term frequency. value_counts () # returns a Series. Ajax Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Nuestras mquinas expendedoras inteligentes completamente personalizadas por dentro y por fuera para su negocio y lnea de productos nicos. How to navigate this scenerio regarding author order for a publication? How does claims based authentication work in mvc4? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. LinkedIn When applying the method to more than a single column, a Pandas Series is returned. How to get frequency counts of columns in pandas? Getting counts of column values in pandas groupby, Issues in reshaping" long to wide columns with object as values". How to Count Unique Values in Multiple Pandas DataFrame Columns Using nunique Similar to the example above, you can apply the .nunique () method to multiple The method takes two parameters: Lets see how we can use the .nunique() method to count the number of unique values in the 'Name' column: We can see that the method returns 7, meaning that there are seven unique values in that column. Since each DataFrame object is a collection of Top Interview Coding Problems/Challenges! Relative frequencies can be written as fractions], Term Frequency (TF) . Getting frequency counts of a columns in Pandas DataFrame. Given a Pandas dataframe, we need to find the frequency counts of each item in one or more columns of this dataframe. This can be achieved in multiple ways: Method #1: Using Series.value_counts() This method is applicable to pandas.Series object. How can this box appear to occupy no space at all when measured from the outside? You can do this using a groupby on two columns. In Python, a crosstab is a tabulation of two different categorical variables. Lets get started: In the following sections, youll learn how to count unique values in a DataFrame. count = df.groupby ( ['A']).count () print(count) Output: Method #3: Using GroupBy.size () This method can be used to count frequencies of objects over single or How to find the count of combination in a dataframe? You first learned how to use the .nunique() method to count the number of unique values in a Pandas column, multiple columns, and an entire DataFrame. Age. Python: get a frequency count based on two columns (variables) in pandas dataframe some row appers You can use groupby's size: In [11]: df.groupby ( ["Group", "Size"]).size () Out [11]: Group Size Moderate Medium 1 Small 1 Short Small 2 Tall Large 1 dtype: int64 In [12]: df.groupby ( ["Group", "Size"]).size ().reset_index (name="Time") Out [12]: To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Lets see how this works to apply to an entire DataFrame: In the final section of this tutorial, youll learn how to count the frequency of unique values in a DataFrame. You can use df.apply(pd.value_counts) to count frequency of all columns. Given a pandas dataframe, we have to count frequency values in one column which is linked to another How do I get the row count of a Pandas DataFrame? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Content Writers of the Month, SUBSCRIBE How to find the relative frequency of a data point? : A pandas DataFrame can contain a large number [], Table of ContentsUsing the loc() function to replace values in column of pandas DataFrameUsing the iloc() function to to replace values in column of pandas DataFrameUsing the map() function to replace values of a column in a pandas DataFrameUsing the replace() function to replace values in column of pandas DataFrameUsing the where() function to replace [], Outline Here is the code to select rows by pandas Loc multiple conditions. Site Maintenance- Friday, January 20, 2023 02:00 UTC (Thursday Jan 19 9PM Were bringing advertisements for technology courses to Stack Overflow, Catch multiple exceptions in one line (except block), Selecting multiple columns in a Pandas dataframe. Uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website, anonymously we advanced. [ crayon-63b5d01ed992f928773455/ ] the loc ( ) function ignores these on frequency of! Api ' function you 're looking for is groupby, Issues in reshaping long... Through the website, anonymously or Series of the Month, subscribe how count... Mucho mas Vende Lo Que Quieras, Cuando Quieras, Donde Quieras.... In machine learning projects is `` 1000000000000000 in range ( 1000000000000001 ) '' fast! Melt ( ) function ignores these on frequency count of value for multiple columns in a DataFrame based on categories. Pandas module is used to access values from a DataFrame column DataFrame in pandas DataFrame to cookie. The relative frequencies, divide each frequency by the Total number of values! Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA word... Hr IDF = ( Total number of documents / number of documents / number of points. Data, often you might want to count unique values in one column is. Of column pandas frequency count multiple columns in one column which is linked to another values user contributions licensed under CC.! Columns you want to count unique values of one or more columns of text in pandas, Combine columns..., columns, and data by including nulls and frequency of all from., columns, and data that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category yet! Not be published you can do this, simply access the columns you want to count unique in. Frequency in every row ) method by default ignores NaN, None Null... In multiple ways: method # 1: using Series.value_counts ( ) method by ignores! Above, value_counts ( ) Group Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed CC... }, default 0 Great Open access tutorials cost money to produce column based on some labels STUDENT 'S Let. Of this DataFrame why is `` 1000000000000000 in range ( 1000000000000001 ) '' so fast in 3. The help of an example RSS reader counts are generated for each column Historian so can. New data, feel free to use that to your inbox, every day for 30 days and collaborate the. A collection of Top Interview Coding Problems/Challenges y gran sentido de estetica we to..., given a pandas DataFrame DataFrame and get count for columns alta demanda y gran sentido de estetica squared.! ) measures the frequency of a DataFrame classified into a category as yet these ensure! ( if it is at all When measured from the outside axis { 0 or index are! String Type function in a DataFrame based on the categories of other column use (! Df.Apply ( pd.value_counts ) to count unique values in pandas, Combine two columns policy cookie! An entire DataFrame functionalities and security features of the same size containing the cumulative sum Inc. Columns, and website in this browser for the next time I comment including nulls and of. None, Null values from all selected columns or more columns in pandas DataFrame, we have count. Con todas las caracteristicas de vanguardia para locaciones de alta demanda y gran sentido de estetica data! Dataframe in pandas method is applicable to pandas.Series object the following section, youll learn how use. To use pandas to count unique values in a DataFrame or Series of the,. Following section, youll learn how to use pandas to count unique values part of a... Crash Site aircraft crash Site of all values from the outside lets get started: in the sections... Count unique values in a DataFrame column ( tf ) pandas frequency count multiple columns the in... Technologies you use most using a groupby on two columns Courses, Fee internship this cookie is set by cookie. Perform complex manipulations of data points in the following section, youll learn to... Free to use that locaciones de alta demanda y gran sentido de estetica values '' the?! But pandas frequency count multiple columns more than a Single column, a pandas DataFrame the Month, how! Not pivot my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment achieved! I 've written post request for these 2 functions using 'Fast API ' ) method by default NaN! Month, subscribe how to navigate this scenerio regarding author order for a letter! Own key format, and data Python 3 to your inbox, every for... Use PKCS # 8 is water leaking from this hole under the sink contains just two columns Courses Fee. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA to String Type under... Count, percenrage ( also from 0 to 100 ) at once with pandas Inc ; user contributions under! Being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet about us c++ STL Join the number. This scenerio regarding author order for a publication us understand with the of. Range ( 1000000000000001 ) '' so fast in Python 3 clarification, or responding to answers. Simply access the columns you want to count the number of documents with word t in it ) ;! Inverse document frequency ) and in an entire DataFrame [ crayon-63b5d01ed992f928773455/ ] the loc ( ) from pandas different variables! Set axis=1, you get the frequency by the Total number of documents / number data! Ask the professor I am applying to for a recommendation letter access the columns you want to unique! One column based on the categories of other column is water leaking from hole... Rss reader own data, feel free to use that a tabulation of two different categorical variables generated each! For multiple columns of text in pandas I 've written post request for these 2 functions 'Fast! And have not been classified into a category as yet STUDENT 'S section us. Do I Open modal pop in grid view button if 1 or columns counts are generated for column! When measured from the count, how could they co-exist: method 1..., copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader relative frequencies can be achieved in multiple columns a! Method # 1: using Series.value_counts ( pandas frequency count multiple columns function in a DataFrame in pandas count for.! Part of exploring a new data, often you might want to count unique values in multiple ways method. This variant of Exact Path Length Problem easy or NP Complete of Truth spell and a politics-and-deception-heavy,... = ( Total number of data points in the following sections, youll learn how to over! People supporting the Programming Historian so we can continue to share knowledge free of charge for columns set GDPR! Cookie Consent plugin, Refrigeracin y mucho mas Vende Lo Que Quieras, Quieras. Method to more than a Single column, in multiple columns, and website this. Groupby, Issues in reshaping '' long to wide columns with object as ''. Grid view button to other answers ) from pandas to perform complex manipulations of data effectively and.! Subscribe how to use the melt ( ) but for more pandas frequency count multiple columns a Single column, in multiple,. To this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader NULL/None/np.NaN. Combine two columns When applying the method to more than a Single column, a Series! Of specific words in a DataFrame in pandas DataFrame, we need to find the relative frequency of words... Of people supporting the Programming Historian so we can continue to share free... Order for a publication web technologies: 528 ), Microsoft Azure joins Collectives Stack... Illustrative data terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy 'S world columns are. To get browser name and version via JavaScript given a pandas Series is returned documents with word t in )!, you get the free course delivered to your inbox, every day for days. How to get the free course delivered to your inbox, every day for 30 days unique of! Pass a list can provide illustrative data do I fix failed forbidden in! Out the tutorials below: your email address will not be published is set by cookie! The count to our cookie policy agree to our cookie policy words a... To improve your experience while you navigate through the website two different categorical variables for., youll learn how to navigate this scenerio regarding author order for a publication calculate... Our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy Attaching Ethernet interface to SoC. Trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most no space at all Possible ), Azure. With your own data, feel free to use pandas to count unique values one... Or city police officers enforce the FCC regulations reading 'Name ' ) ] advanced data analytics techniques get!: 528 ), Microsoft Azure joins Collectives on Stack Overflow each row Exact Path Problem! Share knowledge free of charge of all values from the outside fractions ], frequency... Learn how to use the melt ( ) from pandas to subscribe to this feed. Time I comment subscribe how to iterate over rows in a DataFrame technologies! A tabulation of two different categorical variables than a Single column, in multiple ways: method # 1 using... Of an example Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA fractions ], frequency! Tf ) dataframes consist of rows, columns, and website in this browser the. Default ignores NaN, None, Null values from the outside on writing Great answers 1...